DIARRHEA

UNDERSTANDING 
Diarrhea is a state of bowel movement frequency more than 4 times in infants and more than 3 times in children, watery stools, can be green or can also be mixed with mucus and blood.

CAUSE DIARRHEA 
1. Infection. 
2. Impaired absorption of food, for example in infants and children who do not tolerate milk.
3. Spoiled food, poisonous. 
4. The fear and anxiety.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 
a. Defecate more than 3 times a day. 
b. Feces watery / liquid, mixed with mucus / blood. 
c. Children maudlin, anxiety, nausea and vomiting. 
d. Body temperature usually increases. 
e. Poor appetite or no.
 f. Weight loss. 
g. Sunken eyelids. 
h. Weak body. Pee a little. Palpable skin cold. 

Read more »

DIABETES MELLITUS

A. Definition
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood or hyperglycemia. (Brunner and Suddarth, 2002).Melllitus Diabetes is a collection of symptoms that arise in a person caused by an increase in blood sugar (glucose), blood due to insulin deficiency both absolute and relative terms.

B. Classification 
Classification of diabetes mellitus as follows:
1. Type I: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) 
2. Type II: Diabetes mellitus is independent of insulin (NIDDM) 
3. Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndromes 
4. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

C. Etiology 
1. Diabetes Type I: 
a. Genetic factorsPeople with diabetes do not inherit the type I diabetes itself, but inherit a genetic predisposition or a tendency toward the occurrence of diabetes mellitus type I. Genetic predisposition is found in individuals who have HLA antigen type. 
b. Immunological FactorsThe existence of autoimmune responses, which is an abnormal response in which antibodies directed at the normal tissues of the body by way of reacting to network which is considered as if in a foreign network. Namely autoantibody against the island of Langerhans cells and endogenous insulin. 

Read more »

Hypertension

I. UNDERSTANDING 
Hypertension can be defined as persistent blood pressure where pressure sistoliknya above 140 mmHg and diastolic above 90 mmHg. In the elderly population, hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 160 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg. (Smeltzer, 2001)According to WHO (1978), blood pressure equal to or above 160/95 mmHg expressed as hypertension.

II. CLASSIFICATION 
Hypertension in the elderly be divided into: (Darmojo, 1999)a. Hypertension in which systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mmHg and / or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90 mmHgb. Isolated systolic hypertension in which systolic pressure greater than 160 mmHg and diastolic pressure lower than 90 mmHg.
Clinically the degree of hypertension can be classified in accordance with recommendations from "The Sixth Report of the Join National Committee, Prevention, Detection and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" (JNC - VI, 1997) as follows:
No Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)1. Optimal <120 <802. Normal 120-129 80-843. High Normal 130-139 85-894. HypertensionGrade 1 (mild) 140-159 90-99Grade 2 (medium) 160 - 179100-109Grade 3 (severe) 180 - 209100-119Grade 4 (very severe)> 210> 120
Calcification based on the cause of hypertension can be differentiated into 2 major categories namely:a. Essential hypertension (hypertension), namely hypertension of unknown causeb. Secondary hypertension is hypertension that is caused by other diseases.

Read more »